The Louvre Heist in Context: Art Crime and Institutional Vulnerability

November 4, 2025

By Sarah Boxer

Seven minutes. $102 million worth of jewels.^[1] One of the most well-funded museums on earth, looted of its crown jewels in broad daylight.^[2] On October 19, 2025, a team of four thieves used a truck-mounted goods lift to scale the Louvre’s façade from the Quai François-Mitterrand.^[3] They forced open a second-floor window to the Galerie d’Apollon, shattered two high-security display cases, and plundered nine pieces of Napoleonic jewelry before escaping on scooters.^[4] The heist took place in full view of morning visitors.^[5] Within minutes, the thieves disappeared into Paris traffic, leaving behind shards of glass and the discarded Empress Eugénie’s diamond-and emerald-studded crown, recovered damaged near the museum.^[6]

Few art crimes rival the sheer audacity of the Louvre heist. Yet this crime is uncomfortably real. Its consequences reach far beyond the missing jewels: the theft has shattered perceptions of the world’s most visited museum as untouchable and exposed the systemic security failures in the international art world. Following the theft, the Louvre and other French cultural institutions reportedly deposited their valuable jewelry treasures with the Bank of France.^[7] In France, where national heritage (patrimoine) is regarded as a public trust, the theft struck a deep nerve.^[8] Senator Nathalie Goulet called it “a nail in the coffin” for public confidence in the French state’s ability to safeguard its treasures.^[9] Justice Minister Gérald Darmanin conceded that “we have failed,” citing unsecured windows and an unattended vehicle lift that allowed access to the façade.^[10] And within the international art community, the heist raises a storm of comments and the chilling question: if the Louvre can be breached in such a brazen manner, what museum is truly protected?

Experts have described the operation as both cinematic and catastrophic. “This is a very audacious crime and a slap in the face to museums everywhere,” said Christopher Marinello, attorney and founder of Art Recovery International.^[11] Investigators found themselves in a race against time to recover the jewels before the thieves melt down the precious metals and recut the stones, destroying their cultural identity in the process.^[12] Nicholas O’Donnell, a prominent art lawyer and editor of the Art Law Report, noted that unlike stolen paintings, “the jewelry’s component parts have considerable value and can be altered or melted down… the thieves may destroy the pieces in order to sell the parts.”^[13] In an interview with broadcaster Mario Nawfal, art crime expert Dr. Noah Charney explained that the logical outcome of the theft was the rapid dismantling of the jewels, making recovery highly unlikely.^[14] In such cases, typically the modus operandi is not to sell the artifact as a whole but to recycle the high end materials, severing it from its historical context. When such cultural objects are dismantled for profit, the history they embody disappears with them.

Within a week of the theft, French authorities, working with international experts, announced the arrest of several suspects linked to the heist.^[15] By late October, four individuals (three men and one woman, all in their thirties) were taken into custody, and later handed preliminary charges.^[16] According to Paris prosecutor Laure Beccuau, the suspects are local residents of the northern suburbs of Paris and have no connection to organized crime networks, though they face preliminary charges of theft by an organized gang under French law.^[17] Investigators described them as “petty criminals” with long but low-level criminal records.^[18] The suspects were primarily identified through DNA traces left on items at the scene, including gloves, a walkie-talkie, a vest, and a gasoline can.^[19] Beccuau confirmed on October 29th that two suspects had “partially admitted” to participating in the heist and now face up to fifteen years in prison under France’s ‘organized gang’ statute.^[20] Former FBI art-crime investigator Robert Wittman observed that the jewels might yet survive intact because in Europe stolen artifacts can serve as “get-out-of-jail-free” bargaining chips for the arrested suspects.^[21] Wittman’s analysis offers a flicker of hope that the jewels may be preserved as leverage rather than destroyed. Yet, none of the eight missing jewels have been recovered to date, and the investigation is ongoing.^[22]

The prosecutor’s identification of the suspects as local petty thieves aligns with Anthony M. Amore and Tom Masberg’s analysis in Stealing Rembrandts: The Untold Stories of Notorious Art Heists (2012).^[23] “By and large,” they write, “major art theft is committed by common criminals associated with local crime rings…they are part of what law enforcement calls ‘disorganized crime.’ They are most often petty offenders involved in all sorts of thievery, with only tenuous connections to criminal syndicates.”^[24] Amore and Masberg’s description of “disorganized crime” precisely maps onto the Louvre heist. The suspects are local residents of the Paris suburbs with long records of petty theft, not members of an established organized crime syndicate. One worked as a garbage collector, another as a delivery driver, and both had prior convictions for small-scale robberies.^[25] Their partners were drawn from the same circles.^[26] The heist, although bold, shows the marks of amateur thieves rather than professionals— evidenced by the careless DNA traces and discarded Crown of Empress Eugénie left at the scene.

Thus, paralleling past major art heists described by Amore and Mashberg, the thieves’ success depended less on cinematic technique or precision than on the Louvre’s systemic vulnerabilities and lapses in security. What distinguishes this crime is not the suspects’ sophistication but rather the sophistication of the model they likely mimicked. Local offenders can now stage themselves in the image of groups like the Pink Panthers, without their structure or skill.

High-Profile Jewel Theft in the 21st Century

The Pink Panthers, a network of jewel thieves operating since the 1990s, turned art theft from opportunistic burglary into a professional enterprise. The name “Pink Panthers” was coined by the British press when detectives found a stolen blue diamond hidden in a jar of face cream—the same concealment used in one of the Pink Panther films.^[27] Formed among Serbian and Montenegrin veterans of the Bosnian wars, they operated with military discipline and an understanding of post-conflict smuggling routes.^[28] Over three decades, they have been linked to more than 370 robberies in 35 countries and an estimated half-billion dollars in losses, with INTERPOL identifying hundreds of individuals connected to the network.^[29]

Each job followed a tight sequence: weeks of reconnaissance, a short burst of violence, and a meticulously planned escape, in heists staged in the UK, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Switzerland and elsewhere.^[30] Teams often sent women to scout galleries disguised as clients or tourists, noting staff habits and display cases.^[31] When the strike came, it was over in seconds. The 2003 and 2009 Graff Jewels robberies in London, the 2004 hit on Le Supre-Diamant Couture de Maki in Tokyo, and the 2007 Wafi Mall raid in Dubai all followed this rhythm of preparation, shock, and disappearance.^[32] By 2008 the group’s ambitions had moved beyond jewelry. That year, thieves stole paintings worth about SFr 180 million from Zurich’s Bührle Collection, at the time described by police as the largest art-museum heist in Swiss history.^[33] When Cézanne’s Boy in the Red Vest (recently on display at the Kunsthaus Zürich) resurfaced in Belgrade four years later, investigators saw that the Panthers’ logistical model translated easily from gems to canvases.^[34]

The same professionalism appeared in later crimes committed by other groups. In 2019, burglars entered Dresden’s Green Vault and removed royal jewels valued at roughly €113 million, the largest cultural theft in modern Europe.^[35] They disabled alarms, smashed vitrines, and vanished before police arrived. German courts later convicted members of the Berlin-based Remmo Clan, a family network responsible for several high-value robberies.^[36] Though unrelated to the Panthers, their methods revealed how that model had spread: organized crews targeting small, transportable objects of immense worth. Several of the Dresden treasures were recovered in 2022 and returned to public view two years later.^[37] Museum director Marion Ackermann called the restoration almost complete, but significant pieces remain lost.^[38] The Dresden episode shows how devastating cases of this type can be even when the physical artifacts reappear.

The pattern repeated itself at the 2022 TEFAF Maastricht Art Fair, where four men used sledgehammers to seize millions in diamonds from the London jeweler Symbolic & Chase before escaping.^[39] Investigators initially suspected the Pink Panthers, citing the robbery’s nerve and precision. Dutch art-crime expert Arthur Brand said of the raid at the time, “If I had to bet, I’d say it’s the modus operandi and work of the Pink Panthers…They took a massive risk, and the Pink Panthers are known worldwide for that.”^[40] Later inquiries traced the suspects to Serbia and neighboring countries.^[41]

Seen in this context, the 2025 Louvre heist echoes the style of those earlier crimes. The thieves acted quickly, in public, and targeted portable, high-value objects. However, investigators have found no evidence linking the suspects to organized crime networks. The individuals now charged are local residents with prior convictions for minor offenses, and their methods relied on exploiting the Louvre’s security weaknesses rather than on Panther-style professional planning and execution. The Louvre case illustrates how the visual language of professional art crime can appear in crimes committed by amateurs. The suspects adopted the outward presentation of a coordinated network but depended on institutional lapses (outdated cameras, reduced staff, and unsecured access points) to carry out the theft.

An Institutional Reckoning: Security and Accountability

As the coordinated style of jewel and art theft evolved across the twenty-first century, museums like the Louvre have struggled to adapt. Criminal enterprises have advanced far more quickly than the systems designed to stop them. The 2025 Louvre heist has exposed how deeply those institutions now lag, revealing a pattern of strained budgets, outdated infrastructure, and complacent leadership. And if the leading institution in France is not insured (figuratively and literally) from a heist of such magnitude, what can other smaller institutions do to protect their collections? In France, a government audit has confirmed what many employees had warned for years: only about one-third of the museum’s rooms were covered by functioning cameras, with some wings—such as the Richelieu Wing—operating without any video surveillance at all.^[42] These vulnerabilities, long documented but rarely addressed, became the thieves’ greatest asset.

The last high-profile public breach at the Louvre occurred in 1911 with the theft of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.^[43] In its wake, the museum significantly reinforced its security, including stronger display enclosures.^[44] However, the famous Mona Lisa theft was not the museum’s final security breach.^[45] Subsequent incidents, most notably the 1998 disappearance of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot’s Le Chemin de Sèvres, demonstrated how financial strain and administrative complacency compromised the museum’s protection systems.^[46] According to The Washington Post, 1998 marked a low point for the Louvre’s security, with two thefts occurring just months apart—a Greek votive stela stolen in January and the disappearance of Corot’s Le Chemin de Sèvres in May.^[47] The Post described the back-to-back losses as “humiliations that forced officials to overhaul the museum’s security system.”^[48] As TIME later noted, years of underfunding left many galleries without full camera coverage, and the Corot painting was never recovered.^[49]

In June 2025, the museum’s staff refused to open its doors, describing the Louvre as “crumbling under the weight of mass tourism.”^[50] Gallery attendants and security guards complained of unmanageable crowds, water leaks, and temperature swings that endangered the art.^[51] “We can’t wait six years for help,” one attendant said as thousands of tourists stood stranded outside the Louvre Pyramid entrance.^[52] The protest came just months after President Macron announced a decade-long renovation plan worth nearly €800 million.^[53] The project promised new entrances and a dedicated gallery for the Mona Lisa, but it offered little relief to those already working in unsafe conditions.^[54] Inside the museum, the director’s own memo warned that parts of the building were “no longer watertight” and that the experience for visitors had become “a physical ordeal.”^[55]

By September, the unrest had spread across the country.^[56] Workers at the Louvre, Versailles, and the Grand Palais joined a nationwide strike against austerity measures and shrinking cultural budgets.^[57] Union leaders accused the government of prioritizing spectacle—Olympic ceremonies, fashion week galas, and VIP events—over preservation.^[58] “This theft was a predictable catastrophe,” said Elise Muller, a member of the union SUD Culture Solidaires, one of the representatives of union workers at the Louvre.^[59] She argued that “attention, staff, and funds have been diverted from the basic mission of protection of the collections to pay for mundane shows.”^[60] Culture Minister Rachida Dati herself conceded that “museums are vulnerable, and they have become targets.”^[61]

When the thieves struck four weeks later, their success reflected those structural weaknesses. The heist unfolded in less than 10 minutes: two masked intruders used a goods lift to reach the balcony, cut through a glazed window, and smashed display cases in the Galerie d’Apollon. As Dr. Charney observed, the thieves used a cutting disc to slice through the protective glass—a method likely aided by the visibility of the museum’s security structure.^[62] He noted that because many of the Louvre’s safety measures were easily observable, potential intruders could identify vulnerabilities without inside help.^[63]

In testimony before the French Senate, Louvre director Laurence des Cars acknowledged a “terrible failure” in security after the $102 million jewel heist.^[64] She said there was “highly insufficient” camera coverage of the museum’s exterior, admitting that “the only camera installed is directed westward and therefore did not cover the balcony involved in the break-in.”^[65] Des Cars conceded that “some perimeter cameras … are ageing,” though she emphasized that “all alarms had functioned during the burglary.”^[66] A recent state report had cited “persistent delays” in modernizing the museum’s security systems, which Des Cars disputed, saying that upgrades were already under way.^[67]

Internal tensions seemingly have erupted into open hostility in the aftermath of the heist. According to ARTnews, when des Cars attempted to address museum employees in a closed-door meeting, staff booed her offstage.^[68] A Louvre spokesperson denied reports of an organized strike but admitted the meeting had been called to “discuss the theft.”^[69] For many employees, the director’s reassurances rang hollow. As one union representative told France Info, “The collections aren’t safe and neither are the staff.”^[70]

Those frustrations were rooted in a decade and a half of attrition. One union source told Agence France-Presse that roughly 200 security posts—nearly ten percent of the workforce—had been cut since 2010.^[71] The Louvre’s own internal report, later obtained by Le Figaro, found that security system upgrades had been “repeatedly postponed” and that new CCTV coverage had been installed only in recently refurbished rooms.^[72] “We cannot do without physical surveillance,” one union source warned.^[73] The Louvre’s condition mirrors a broader crisis in France’s cultural infrastructure. Chronic underfunding and political turnover have left heritage institutions caught between national pride and physical decline.^[74] The museum remains a global emblem of artistic achievement, yet its internal decay tells another story.

When the Louvre reopened three days after the heist, tourists once again queued beneath I.M. Pei’s Pyramid.^[75] President Macron and Culture Minister Rachida Dati have ordered an accelerated review of museum security.^[76] Yet officials have sent mixed signals. Dati defended the museum’s response, claiming its “security measures worked,” while Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez conceded, “Obviously it’s a failure.”^[77] The tension between those statements revealed a deeper issue: some French leaders want to treat the incident as a singular lapse rather than evidence of a broader structural weakness. To do so would ignore the deeper structural weaknesses that have left major cultural institutions exposed to modern forms of art and jewelry theft. The crime succeeded because it was bold and met little resistance. Years of delayed maintenance, staff attrition, and misplaced confidence left the museum vulnerable to the very tactics experts have been warning about.

Conclusion

The 2025 Louvre heist reflects the new reality of art theft as a primarily profit-driven enterprise. The thieves who entered the Galerie d’Apollon followed a model refined over decades that values speed, precision, and the quick liquidation of heritage into profit. Their methods resembled those of the Pink Panthers and the Remmo clan. Yet, their execution lacked the precision and discipline that defined those professional networks, evidenced by the recent arrests. For the Louvre, the damage extends beyond the physical loss. The jewels taken were among the last tangible remnants of the Second Empire and of Empress Eugénie’s court, a fragment of France’s vanished monarchy preserved through its craftsmanship.^[78] Once such pieces are disassembled or recut, their historical meaning disappears entirely. Even if the jewels are found intact, it will not restore what was lost—the sense that France’s cultural heritage is secure in its own hands. Looking forward, governments and cultural institutions will need to address both the criminal ingenuity that threatens cultural heritage and the institutional complacency that allows the thefts to occur.

Further Reading

1. Anthony M. Amore & Tom Mashberg, Stealing Rembrandts: The Untold Stories of Notorious Art Heists (Palgrave Macmillan 2012).
2. Noah Charney, The Thefts of the Mona Lisa: The Complete Story of the World’s Most Famous Artwork (Rowman & Littlefield Feb. 6, 2024).
3. Alex Marshall, Why Steal From the Louvre? It May Have More to Do With Stones Than Art., N.Y. Times (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/20/arts/design/louvre-heist-jewels-motives.html
4. Michael Finkel, The Art Thief: A True Story of Love, Crime, and a Dangerous Obsession (Alfred A. Knopf 2023).
5. Thomas Adamson & Sylvie Corbet, Louvre Director Acknowledges Failure after Jewel Heist and Says She Offered to Resign, Associated Press (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://apnews.com/article/louvre-director-failure-jewel-heist-2025
6. Richard Whiddington, Are French Museums Becoming Hotbeds for Theft? The Past Year Suggests Yes, Artnet News (Oct. 24, 2025), available at https://news.artnet.com/art-world/french-museums-theft-2704251.
7. Liz Alderman, Why Weren’t the Jewels Stolen From the Louvre Insured?, N.Y. Times (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/22/business/louvre-robbery-jewelry-heist-insurance.html

About the Author

Sarah Boxer is completing her J.D. at Harvard Law School after earning her LL.M. at the University of Cambridge, where she focused on international law and cultural heritage. She has worked for the British Institute of International and Comparative Law and the European Court of Human Rights, contributing to projects on international human rights, art restitution, antiquities looting, and heritage-related crimes. Her interests center on the protection of cultural heritage in conflict, the restitution of looted art—including Nazi-era art claims—the prevention of illicit antiquities trafficking, and the role of dispute resolution and transitional justice in post-conflict societies.

Select References:

1. Jon Haworth, Hugo Leenhardt, Bill Hutchinson & Aicha El Hammar Castano, Louvre Director Summoned by French Lawmakers amid Ongoing Investigation into $102M Heist, ABC News (Oct. 21, 2025), available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/louvre-director-summoned-french-lawmakers-amid-ongoing-investigation/story?id=126713238. ↑
2. Jackson Weaver, After Audacious Louvre Heist, Finger Pointing and an Identity Crisis in France, CBC News (Oct. 21, 2025), available at https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/louvre-heist-reaction-9.6945952. ↑
3. Lynda Albertson, Jewel Heist at the Musée du Louvre, ARCAblog (Oct. 19, 2025), available at https://art-crime.blogspot.com/2025/10/jewel-heist-at-musee-du-louvre.html. ↑
4. Ibid. ↑
5. Chrissy Callahan, American Tourists in the Louvre During Heist Tell TODAY It Was “Terrifying”, TODAY (NBC News) (Oct. 21, 2025), available at https://www.today.com/news/tourists-describe-louvre-heist-museum-robbery-rcna238837. ↑
6. Aicha El Hammar Castano & Bill Hutchinson, Royal Crown Damaged in Brazen Heist at the Louvre: Culture Minister, ABC News (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/royal-crown-damaged-brazen-heist-louvre-culture-minister/story?id=126680126. ↑
7. Emily Atkinson, Louvre Moves Jewels to Ultra-Secure Bank of France Vault After Heist, BBC News (Oct. 25, 2025), available at https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmxkl94w3zo. ↑
8. Valérie Desprets, Patrimoine, a French Word Laden with Significance, Banque de Luxembourg (BL Times) (Jan. 23, 2018), available at https://www.banquedeluxembourg.com/en/bank/bl/blog/-/blogpost/patrimoine-a-french-word-laden-with-significance. ↑
9. Jackson Weaver. ↑
10. Gabriela Pomeroy, ‘We Have Failed,’ Says Minister as France Reels from Louvre Heist, BBC News (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyz58n65g3o. ↑
11. Kevin Shalvey, Somayeh Malekian, Hugo Leenhardt, Camilla Alcini, Bill Hutchinson & Dragana Jovanovic, Louvre Museum Heist: Jewels with “Inestimable” Value Stolen from Napoleon Collection, ABC News (Oct. 19, 2025), available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/louvre-museum-closes-after-robbery-french-minister/story?id=126657104. ↑
12. Ibid. ↑
13. Sullivan & Worcester LLP, Experts Weigh In on Stolen Priceless Jewels and Investigation Challenges, Sullivan & Worcester (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://www.sullivanlaw.com/news/experts-weigh-in-on-stolen-priceless-jewels-and-investigation-challenges. ↑
14. Mario Nawfal, Art Crime Expert On Louvre Heist: “All Things Considered… They Did Pretty Well” (YouTube, Oct. 20, 2025) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS9zwU4Q1Cw. ↑
15. Camille Knight & Billy Stockwell, Suspects Arrested Over Brazen Jewel Theft from Paris’ Louvre Museum, CNN (Oct. 26, 2025), available at https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/26/europe/louvre-robbery-france-arrests-intl. ↑
16. Jack Guy, Louvre Heist Suspects Are Local Petty Criminals, Paris Prosecutor Says, CNN (Nov. 3, 2025), available at https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/03/europe/louvre-heist-petty-criminals-scli-intl. ↑
17. Ibid. ↑
18. Ibid. ↑
19. Jake Lapham, Two Arrested Over Theft of Jewels at Louvre Museum in Paris, BBC News (Oct. 26, 2025), available at https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2em38pdv0do. ↑
20. Catherine Porter, Two Suspects in Louvre Heist Admit Partial Role, Prosecutor Says, N.Y. Times (Oct. 29, 2025), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/29/world/europe/louvre-theft-suspects-confession.html. ↑
21. Raf Sanchez, Carlo Angerer, Zacharie Petit & Elmira Aliieva. ↑
22. Aicha El Hammar Castano, David Brennan & Bill Hutchinson, French Police Arrest 2 Louvre Jewel Heist Suspects Amid Manhunt, ABC News (Oct. 26, 2025), available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/french-police-arrest-2-louvre-jewel-heist-suspects/story?id=126873453. ↑
23. Anthony M. Amore & Tom Mashberg, Stealing Rembrandts: The Untold Stories of Notorious Art Heists (Palgrave Macmillan 2012). ↑
24. Ibid, at page 8. ↑
25. Ségolène Le Stradic, What to Know About the Louvre Heist Investigation, N.Y. Times (Nov. 3, 2025), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/03/world/europe/louvre-museum-robbery-suspects-investigation.html. ↑
26. Ibid. ↑
27. Mark Memmott, Call Clouseau! ‘Pink Panther’ Thief Escapes From Swiss Jail, NPR (July 26, 2013), available at https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/29/205721978/call-clouseau-pink-panther-thief-escapes-from-swiss-jai. ↑
28. Bob Simon, The Pink Panthers: Daring Heists Rake in Half-a-Billion Dollars, CBS News (60 Minutes) (Mar. 23, 2014), available at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-pink-panthers-daring-heists-rake-in-half-a-billion-dollars/. ↑
29. Ibid. See also Kerry Breen, Louvre Robbery Evokes Notorious “Pink Panther” Gang That Stole $500 Million Worth of Art, Jewels, CBS News (Oct. 21, 2025), available at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/louvre-robbery-pink-panther-gang/. ↑
30. Ibid. ↑
31. Ibid. ↑
32. Ibid. See also Bassam Za’za’, Police Describe Dramatic Wafi Mall Robbery, Gulf News (Apr. 17, 2008), available at https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/police-describe-dramatic-wafi-mall-robbery-1.98204. ↑
33. Matthew Allen, Armed Robbers Steal Art Worth SFr180 Million, SWI swissinfo.ch (Feb. 11, 2008), available at https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/armed-robbers-steal-art-worth-sfr180-million/665182. ↑
34. Korva Coleman, Stolen Cézanne Portrait Surfaces in Serbia, NPR (The Two-Way) (Apr. 12, 2012), available at https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/04/12/150488797/stolen-cezanne-portrait-surfaces-in-serbia. ↑
35. Jenny Hill, Dresden Jewel Theft: Five Men Convicted of Audacious 2019 Heist, BBC News (May 16, 2023), available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65601751. ↑
36. Christopher Parker, Five Men Convicted in $100 Million Jewel Heist That Rocked Germany, Smithsonian Magazine (May 18, 2023), available at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/five-convicted-green-vault-heist-180982196/. ↑
37. Tim Brinkhof, Green Vault Jewels Back on View After Shocking Dresden Museum Heist, Artnet News (Aug. 14, 2024), available at https://news.artnet.com/art-world/green-vault-jewels-back-on-view-dresden-2524222. ↑
38. Joe Hernandez, Jewels Stolen During a Brazen 2019 Heist Are Back on Display in Germany, NPR (Aug. 14, 2024), available at https://www.npr.org/2024/08/14/nx-s1-5074949/german-museum-2019-heist-recovered-jewels-dresden. ↑
39. Alex Marshall, Thieves Hit TEFAF Art Fair in Daylight Heist, The New York Times (June 28, 2022), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/arts/design/tefaf-robbery.html. ↑
40. Bruno Waterfield, Return of the Pink Panthers: Legendary Gang “Masterminded” £25m Heist, The Times (July 8, 2022), available at https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/return-of-the-pink-panthers-legendary-gang-masterminded-25m-heist-df98w92n. ↑
41. Jennifer Rankin, Flat-Capped Thieves Still at Large Following 2022 Dutch Jewel Heist, The Guardian (Nov. 19, 2024), available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/19/police-remain-confident-arresting-suspects-2022-dutch-art-fair-heist. ↑
42. Tessa Solomon, French Audit Reveals That Major Parts of the Louvre Have No Cameras, and Other Security Flaws, ARTnews (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/french-audit-louvre-robbery-security-flaws-no-cameras-1234757968/. ↑
43. NPR Staff, The Theft That Made the “Mona Lisa” a Masterpiece, NPR (July 30, 2011), available at https://www.npr.org/2011/07/30/138800110/the-theft-that-made-the-mona-lisa-a-masterpiece. ↑
44. Ibid. ↑
45. Amber Ferguson, The Last Time the Louvre Was Robbed Was in 1998. It Happened Twice., The Washington Post (Oct. 21, 2025), available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/2025/10/21/louvre-1998-two-robberies/. ↑
46. Solcyré Burga, The Last Time the Louvre Was Robbed, TIME (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://time.com/7327144/louvre-robbed-museum-heist-history/. ↑
47. Ferguson. ↑
48. Ibid. ↑
49. Burga. ↑
50. Thomas Adamson, The World’s Most-Visited Museum Shuts Down With Staff Sounding the Alarm on Mass Tourism, Associated Press (June 16, 2025), available at https://apnews.com/article/louvre-museum-paris-closed-lines-delay-2bbf9be4f49de739fd14dd4d908e4d72. ↑
51. Ibid. ↑
52. Ibid. ↑
53. Vincent Noce, French President Calls for a “New Renaissance” of the Louvre, The Art Newspaper (Jan. 28, 2025), available at https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2025/01/28/emmanuel-macron-musee-louvre-renovations-expansion. ↑
54. Ibid. ↑
55. Ashifa Kassam, Visiting Leaky, Crowded Louvre Is “Physical Ordeal,” Museum’s Boss Says, The Guardian (Jan. 23, 2025), available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/23/louvre-museum-leaky-damaged-overcrowded. ↑
56. Vincent Noce, Louvre and Grand Palais among French museums closed due to nationwide strikes, The Art Newspaper (Sept. 18, 2025), available at https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2025/09/18/french-museums-monuments-closed-nationwide-strikes-louvre-grand-palais. ↑
57. Vincent Noce, Louvre Heist Sparks Ire amid Reports of “Persistent Delays” to Security Updates, The Art Newspaper (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2025/10/20/louvre-heist-sparks-ire-amid-reports-of-persistent-delays-security-updates. ↑
58. Ibid. ↑
59. Ibid. ↑
60. Ibid. ↑
61. Ibid. ↑
62. Nawfal. ↑
63. Ibid. ↑
64. Angelique Chrisafis, Louvre Director Acknowledges “Terrible Failure” after €88m Jewel Heist, The Guardian (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/22/louvre-director-acknowledges-terrible-failure-after-88m-jewel-heist. ↑
65. Ibid. ↑
66. Ibid. ↑
67. Ibid. ↑
68. Francesca Aton, Louvre Staff Boo Director over Security Failures, as Museum Stays Closed until Wednesday, ARTnews (Oct. 20, 2025), available at https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/louvre-museum-closed-staff-protest-inadequate-security-1234757928. ↑
69. Ibid. ↑
70. Ibid. ↑
71. Ibid. ↑
72. Ibid. ↑
73. Ibid. ↑
74. Sylvie Andreau & Xemartin Laborde, Lack of Funding Puts the Preservation of France’s Historic Monuments at Risk, Le Monde (Sept. 20, 2024), available at https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2024/09/20/lack-of-funding-puts-he-preservation-of-france-s-historic-monuments-at-risk_6726757_19.html. ↑
75. Thomas Adamson & Sylvie Corbet, Louvre Director Acknowledges Failure after Jewel Heist and Says She Offered to Resign, North Shore News (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://www.nsnews.com/entertainment-news/louvre-director-acknowledges-failure-after-jewel-heist-and-says-she-offered-to-resign-11380323. ↑
76. Louvre Director Admits Security Failures, Proposes New Measures, AP7AM (Oct. 23, 2025), available at https://www.ap7am.com/en/112206/amp/louvre-director-admits-security-failures-proposes-new-measures. ↑
77. Alex Greenberger, What We Know About the Louvre Heist So Far: How Did Thieves Steal $102 M. in Jewels?, ARTnews (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://www.artnews.com/list/art-news/news/louvre-heist-jewels-controversy-explained-1234758284/the-louvres-security-systems-may-have-been-faulty/ ; See also acharie Petit & Jamie Gray, Louvre Reopens After Jewel Heist with Thieves Still on the Run, NBC News (Oct. 22, 2025), available at https://www.nbcnews.com/world/europe/louvre-reopens-jewel-heist-thieves-police-paris-rcna239064. ↑
78. Lynda Albertson. ↑